Malaysian Leadership Style and Employees Organizational...

Bibliographical Entry Lo, M.C., Ramayah, T., and Min, H.W., (2009). Leadership styles and organizational commitment: a test on Malaysia manufacturing industry. African Journal of Marketing Management, 1 (6), 133-139. Problem In Malaysia it was a common complaint that employees were no more loyal as they used to be in the passed. Employees would tend to leave their companies for slightly better pay due to low commitment. Hence, the biggest challenge for Malaysian organizations was to provoke a sense of commitment and loyalty to their employees. Comments - The problem statements agreed to the title and seemed to be of educational significance. The problem was clearly visible to the average reader. Purpose The purpose of this study was†¦show more content†¦Section titles were: (1) Leadership; (2) Transformational leadership ;(3) Transactional leadership; (4) Organizational commitment; (5) Leadership and organizational commitment. Hence, hypotheses were formulated as follows: Hypotheses 1: There was significant relationship among transformational leadership and the affective, continuance and normative dimensions of organizational commitment. Hypotheses 2: There was no significant relationship among transactional leadership and the affective, continuance and normative dimensions of organizational commitment. Procedures This study focuses on manufacturing employees in Malaysia as a population of interest. A total of 200 questionnaires were distributed. However, only 158 subordinates responded to the survey. This study adopts the repertoire of Multifactor Leadership Questionnaires (MLQ) originating from Bass and Avolio (1997). The MLQ was formulated from the Full Range Leadership Development Theory. The MLQ was formulate from the Full Range Leadership Development Theory. Allen and Meyer (1996) method was adopted to measure the three dimensions of organizational commitment namely, affective commitment, continuance commitment and formative commitment. Comments - The methods used to gather the data for this article was clearly explained. The instruments and development were explained, and the reliability coefficients of allShow MoreRelatedOccuopotional Safety and Health Administration (Osha) Practices and Osha Performance in Malaysian Automotive Industry2113 Words   |  9 PagesOSHA PERFORMANCE IN MALAYSIAN AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY GHANIM Mohmed Adeil University Putra Malaysia, Faculty of Engineering, Malaysia Mohamedadil88@yahoo.com Keywords: OSHAP; OSHAPM; Safety Performances; Financial Performances; Malaysian Automotive Industry. 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Leadership and Change Management: A Case Study of Pemancar Mr. Danial Tareqa, the new plant manager was walking through the factory floor during his daily rounds in Pemancarb, a production plant located in Peninsular Malaysia. This is his first week on theRead MoreInternal Marketing Issues in Service Organizations in Malaysia2970 Words   |  12 Pagesconcept where firms apply marketing tools to attract and retain the best employees, which will later affect business performance. 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Benjamin Franklin The Greatest Impact On Our Nation

Out of all of the founding fathers, Benjamin Franklin in my opinion is the one who had the greatest impact on our nation and still has a great influence on our nation today. Mostly people are familiar with Benjamin Franklin from his head being on the front of the 100 dollar bill, but there’s more to him than just his face being on the 100 dollar bill. He made a huge impact on us and not everyone realizes it, but that’s how he made it on the 100 dollar bill. Not only was Benjamin Franklin apart of founding our nation, he was also scientist, diplomat, businessman, and philosopher. Benjamin Franklin was born on January 17th, 1706 in Boston, Massachusetts to soap maker Josiah Franklin and his second wife Abigail Folger. Benjamin Franklin was apart of a big family and he was the 10th child out of 16 siblings. His siblings names were Jane Mocum, James Franklin, Anne Harris, Joseph Franklin I, Samuel Franklin, Sarah Davenport, Mary Holmes, Hannah Cole, Josiah Franklin Jr, Ebe nzer Franklin, Peter Franklin, Thomas Franklin, John Franklin, Lydia Scott, Elizabeth Douse, and Joseph Franklin II. When Benjamin Franklin was younger his father wanted him to become a preacher, so he sent him away to a grammar school when he was only eight years old. Less than a year later, the family went through some financial struggles so he had to be transferred to Mr. George Brownell’s school for writing and math. He only stayed at that school until he was about 10 years old. He was doing well inShow MoreRelatedBenjamin Franklin : An Influential Entrepreneur994 Words   |  4 PagesBenjamin Franklin was one of the most impressive and iconic figures in American history, and perhaps around the globe. 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Only those presidents that were strong and stood for or against something are remembered and studiedRead MoreEssay on Factors and Key Players in the American Revolution988 Words   |  4 PagesThomas Preston was accused of commanding his troops to fire on a mob of rioting civilians led by the rebel group the Sons of Liberty. This event, known as the Boston Mas sacre started one of the greatest uprisings in history. Preston sought out John Adams as his lawyer. Revolutionaries like Benjamin Franklin, George Washington and General Thomas Gage all possessed certain qualities that paved the way for what American independence. At first, the disorganized colonies lead to an ineffective demand forRead MoreThe Invention Of The Printing Press1633 Words   |  7 Pagesthat printing better-benefited port cities like Boston (Dittmar 1135). The printing press changed the way ideas are publicized improved the quality, efficiency writing (Dittmar 1134). Some historians have deemed the printing press as one of the greatest technological emergences to come between 1400-1800 (Dittmar 1133). The first printing press used in colonial America was the Press of Stephen Daye (Ingersoll 147). An English clergyman named Reverend Jesse Glover brought the first press to NewRead MoreAmerican History And Its Impact On America1107 Words   |  5 Pagesimportant to the health and progression of their nation. So may played a critical part in shaping this nation into what it is today. Even though many would love just to focus on the crisis and bad decisions that some have made. Our country is considered the land of the free, land of opportunity, land of dreams coming true. We can’t let bad choices by a few select cloud who we are and celebrate the great achievements we have made together as a nation. 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In doing so we will also be able to live peaceably with each other and be blessing to others, and a city upon a hill. Today the U.S. is truly a â€Å"city upon a hill†. Although the nation isn’t what Winthrop, and many other ChristiansRead MoreThe American Dream Through Literature1496 Words   |  6 PagesDespite it not having a name until 1931, since the birth of our nation, there has been a concept of the American Dream. That is, that any person regardless of circumstances of birth can become successful through hard work and persistence, regardless of where they came from. Despite many arguments on whether that’s achievable or not, it continues to be a persistent topic in American culture. As such, the American Dream can be seen though literature, which often is a lens into life during the timeRead MoreWomen Of The American Revolution1081 Words   |  5 Pagespatterns, were strictly in charge of taking care of the house and children, and were not allowed to leave the homestead. Joan R. 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Indigenous Festivals Community Development -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Indigenous Festivals Community Development? Answer: Introduction Based on the video above, this paper aims to present a reflection regarding the marketing and promotion of the festival. The Melbourne food and wine are controlled by the Victoria limited and usually conducted annually on March. The primary goal of the festival is to promote and market the food and the wine for Victoria limited. About the video, events portraying the cooking classes are shown (Lee, Arcodia, and Lee, 2012, pp 95). The festival is dominated by experienced chefs who prepare extraordinary delicious foods that impress all who attend the festival. The Melbourne Food and Wine Festival (MFWF) is carried out along Yarra River where many other events and activities feature besides eating and drinking (Rose, and Larsen, 2015, pp 64). The area has a calm environment including green fields where couples or even friends can rest as they take their meals and involve themselves in boat cruising. In the video, included is cultivation and preparation of fresh vegetables as well as fruits such oranges where there is a fruit orchard, an olive grove, it also has got a kids zone as well as a first-date butterfly house (Kruger, Rootenberg, and Ellis, 2013, pp 436). The festival is highly dominated by winemakers whereby wine consumption serves as the main key event that carries the day. Hospitality is also being portrayed by the staff and their capability to treat the customers. The event plays a strategic role in building the name and logo of Victorias dishes and wine sector as guest chefs act as brand agents, showing their know-how about the countrys meals, wine production, and people. The festival also attracts international media coverage. Reflection on Marketing and Promotion Marketing refers to the activities involved to make sure that you continue to meet the needs of your customers and earning a profit. On the other hand, advertising helps keep the product in the minds of your clients and this assists in boosting demand for your products. The event is held annually meaning that it attracts thousands of new people every year (Sohn, and Yuan, 2013, pp 120). Different winemakers from the state, well-known for their quality brands attend the event. There is a guarantee that the quality of wine consumed by all who attend the event is at its best. The taste, the ingredients and even the method of preparation creates that feeling and attitude that Australia has one of the best wines. This promotes the various brands of wine as individuals would, later on, be willing to consume the wine, making it a necessity in their meals. The festival involves a dozen of events including boat cruising, exploring Asian food market through cooking classes, some dances, and children activities and a food lovers celebration (Wan, and Chan, 2013, pp 249). These activities ensure that there is continuity in meeting the attendants needs while in return providing profit to the organizers of the festival whereby 28% of it is sponsored by the Australian government. This serves as a strategy to market the festival to the whole world by enticing people with various key ev ents that would see the population of the attendants growing big as time passes by. Current Trends of MFWF Tourism is greatly determined by prominent features including branding of products, the products being offered or even the selling proposal (Whitford, and Ruhanen, 2013, pp 52). Food tourism including cultural foods as well as various brands of wine in Melbourne has largely improved the tourism of the city. Attracting thousands of people from various parts of the continent ensures that ensures that the tourism in the area grows by significantly large percentage. Economic Growth The event also exposes the city of Melbourne together with the culture of its people to the world. This is because it attracts international journalists in the area, capturing all the events as they are. This attracts entrepreneurs in the area, who can come and invest in the country, creating job opportunities to locals as well as leading to economic growth. Career Building The festival has a collection of the best winemakers and chefs who come from the entire nation of Australia. Giving this individual the chance and opportunity to present their artwork and experience to the entire world not only builds on their career as individuals but also gives others the courage to pursue their careers as well, with the intention of them wanting to feature in such events in the years to come. Conclusion Melbourne Food and Wine Festival gives people the chance of bonding with individuals from various parts of the world but aiming to market the wine and food products of Melbourne, improving tourism as well as economic growth in the area. References Kruger, S., Rootenberg, C. and Ellis, S., 2013. Examining the influence of the wine festival experience on tourists quality of life.Social indicators research,111(2), pp.435-452. Lee, I.S., Arcodia, C. and Lee, T.J., 2012. Key characteristics of multicultural festivals: A critical review of the literature.Event Management,16(1), pp.93-101. Rose, N. and Larsen, K., 2015. Economic Benefits of Creative Food Economies: Evidence, Case Studies and Actions for Southern Melbourne. Sohn, E. and Yuan, J., 2013. Who are the culinary tourists? An observation at a food and wine festival.International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research,7(2), pp.118-131. Wan, Y.K.P. and Chan, S.H.J., 2013. Factors that affect the levels of tourists' satisfaction and loyalty towards food festivals: a case study of Macau.International journal of tourism research,15(3), pp.226-240. Whitford, M. and Ruhanen, L., 2013. Indigenous festivals and community development: A sociocultural analysis of an Australian indigenous festival.Event Management,17(1), pp.49-61.

Managing Cultural Diversity In The Workforce

Abstract Cultural diversity entails the experiences and characteristics of different people within an organization. It includes the whole spectrum of human beings including ethnicity, race, age, gender, disability, religion and the sexual orientation. Most importantly, the focus upon diversity ought to be on individual work style, communication technique, the role level, level of performance and economic significance.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Managing Cultural Diversity In The Workforce specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Introduction The main aim of diversity is to tap exceptional talents and unique qualities along these dimensions. It is an issue of the people focusing on the differences and similarities presented to the workplace. This influence over individual identity and perspective goes beyond legally specified dimensions to offer non-discriminatory opportunities and affirmative statutes within the wor k setting. The workplace ought to have non-discriminatory programs supported by the organization culture. This is the key element representing dignity and respect for all to encourage knowledge or experience gain and team work. This paper addresses the proactive measures required to deal with workplace cultural diversity and caters for ways of fostering the practice. Advantages and disadvantages of Cultural Diversity To begin with, cultural diversity boosts the company’s competitive situation in the market. Unlike the early days when marketers thought that a good or service was universally acceptable, cultural diversification enables today’s marketers to recognize that different cultures demand for different taste of the same product or service. Large chain stores like Wal-Mart or Woolworths are in a position to establish the best way of presenting their products depending on location (Deresky, 7, 2008). Today we see a business scenario where small and medium sized com panies are able to give big company a run for their money because they have understood the concept of managing trade in a multi-cultural setting. The twenty first century creates openings for engaging in technological aspects and resources such as the internet trading, which provides a wide world web that assists to overcome the physical boundaries. A culturally diverse company is rich in knowledge pertaining people from various vicinities, thus enough chances of enhancing trade (Lewis, 2, 1999). A business with ethnic diversity can easily serve a wide base of clients easily, considering the ease of workers relating with clients. The clients have a diverse representation in the firm thus sharing of a lot of common ground with their service providers.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There is a wide and equally diverse and well-balanced pool of knowledge created by diverse cul tures in the workplace. According to Lewis (3, 1999), knowledge is power to gain experience, creativity, customer support or participation, lasting results and eventually long-term high profit margins. Denial and discrimination are the individual characteristics on the subject of the barriers to enhancing cultural diversity in the workplace. People from different background still have personal features hindering this form of development. The cultural diversity within an organization with such people can be the main source of conflicts, group-work failures and thus fall of business operations and eventually poor economical growth. The diversity issue can therefore be a negative aspect if it lacks proper implementation procedures. Proactive measures of resolving diversification related conflicts at the workplace Implementation of cultural diversity at the workplace should correspond to strategic planning. Execution or change management must entail employees’ inspiration through infusion or integration of aspects such as those involving diversification into the business procedures or requirements. Diversity ought to apply from the top executives, who should show commitment and importance of diversity. Having the employees understand the importance of diversity as a main pillar for workplace management since it reduces any possibilities of conflicts. The top leaders or managers must engage an upbeat measure of solving diversity related conflicts by regularly emphasizing on its benefits to the firm. The business cultural commitment to diversity requires legal gazetting with the external regulator body to emphasize on the consequences regarding those conflicts that break business rules. In relation to Cornelius’ writing (81, 2002), a company need to have programs for performing prior training to employees on how to deal with counterparts from different cultural setting. Arguably, it is impossible for employees to grasp various complex cultural nuances in one sitting, therefore the need for them to be careful on issues regarding stereotyping, language differences, time differences and individual versus collective mindset, as a measure of avoiding or resolving diversity related conflicts. Fostering cultural diversity at the workplace Promotion of cultural diversity in the workplace ought to take place before commencement of hiring. This means that one should include diversity in the business plan. In line with Kirton and Greene (183, 2000), discovery of strengths or benefits of an action occur well prior to proper planning.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Managing Cultural Diversity In The Workforce specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These calls for the management to be responsive over recognizing, respecting and capitalizing on various aspects of the society mainly regarding ethnicity, race and gender. A good manager and leader should note that even outside the work setting; one finds exposure of various cultural practices. Practical Theories of Managing Culture and Cultural Diversity The Hofstede Theory Today the technological change has made the organizations to become more dynamic since companies are now investing in joint ventures, partnerships that span across borders and cooperation through unions such as the European Union partnership. This means that the leadership styles are also focusing attention to more vibrant, on-going and very important procedures. The leadership style that attracts the attention of others requires a leader who is focused on other’s attention. The leader’s values must therefore be of substantive worth. It is important for a leader to have good solid knowledge and approaches to combat the cultural differences as well as engage continuous and alternative choices that steers organization forward in terms of development (Dowling and Welch, 38, 2008). One of the most common theories concerned with c ultural diversity is the Hoftede Theory. According to Dowling and Welch (38, 2008), Hoftede’s Theory indicates that culture is a collective of intangible distinctions found between people in a group, firm, organization or nation. The four main commonly used values in management of cultural diversity include power distance, individualism/collectivism, uncertainty avoidance, and femininity/masculinity. The theory divides culture into two groups through analysis of the internal values, which are invisible and external values that are visible such as the rituals that a certain group practices, symbols, language differences and procedures for solving a problem. Power distance involves a firm’s ability to come up with procedures for handling societal inequalities, while individualism or collectivism is concern with the procedures that a firm takes to control a group. The masculinity or femininity entails the firm’s managerial behaviours concern with gender differences . Lastly, uncertainties are the unknown situation and the company must have extensive procedures of avoiding or minimizing the amount of threatening experiences for a member of a firm. Hoftede Theory mainly focuses on issues concerning leadership especially the ability to address various differences through effective communication. A good leader must be in a position of convincing people from different cultural backgrounds on how to focus on the ideas perceived to be important and developmental for a firm. It therefore focuses on and caters for each group.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The Cross-Cultural Communication Theory The methods and styles of communication lack good definition in most organizations. Every leader has a personal way of pronouncement, which varies from formal to casual in both written and spoken forms. The main aim eventually is the consistency and ability to attract awareness and command peoples’ actions. Today the successful leaders need to know how to transverse a multicultural environment. In line with The Cross-Cultural Communication Theory, He /she must realize that there exists no single method of controlling leadership procedures (Deresky, 287, 2008). The leaders must read a group’s situation and come up with the most appropriate leadership behavioral pattern to combat the situation at hand. This is the only right and most appropriate procedures for the leaders because it enables the groups involved to fit the competency level. Leadership styles have a close connection to behavior. In the assessment of a group’s l eadership needs, there is need to translate skills to communicate behavior. For instance, if a leader finds that a certain group needs strong guidance, it is then wise to suggest direction, make different assignments, and possibly vet unrealistic suggestions. Leadership skills calls for one to find and balance the member’s thought, support viable decisions, and give authority to act. All the leadership styles in a multicultural environment have a strong basis on communication, and not skills, experience, lack or personality. The connection between group members brings about cooperation, and unique leadership styles that solve group problem effectively thus making the group to become more effective regardless of the cultural differences that may exist (Deresky, 287, 2008). A good or efficient group made of multicultural communities only requires a small, early but strong guidance to become and remain productive. Social-Identity Theory The social-identity theory indicates that people exist in two distinct classes identified by analysis of group categories or group functions. By considering category, a leader utilizes the scientific definition of leadership in a process that involves interpersonal communication to influence an outcome. According to Schneider and Barsoux (43, 2003), leadership is symbolic to the human nature of modifying attitudes and behaviours of culturally different people in order to meet organizational goals and needs. The leadership styles therefore involve acts enacted through persuasion or communication as opposed to forcing people to abide to a certain categorized aspects or certain functions. Current Key Issues in the Service Sector Increase of culturally diverse people in the work force is a clear indication that firms or organization need to move out of the traditions that supported confinement to boundaries that were structured conventionally and hierarchically, to allow group work and team spirits. The developments mainly affe ct leadership to allow strategies that influence behaviours of others through communication. Today, a designated leader is appointed or elected to a position, but she/he need to be an emergent leader because of exerting influences towards achievement of group goals. Acceptance of culturally diverse groups supports the concept that every person in a group ought to be an emergent leader especially during various group tasks (Reynolds and Valentine, 13, 2004). A designated leader has to be acceptable in the group for better outcomes. Sharing of leadership among members in a group means that eventually, the cultural differences are put aside and everyone is responsible for coordination of communication among the members. Melting Pot theory Melting Pot theory is a procedure for enhancing active interaction among people to ensure utilization of cultural significance of diversity and smooth settlement. Ability to enhance and utilize diversity depends on influence of the leaders. The design ated or emergent leader has the ability or power to known the interpersonal influences. The power can be a reward, punishment, legitimate, referent and expert. Leaders can offer the followers the value for their need for them to exercise rewarding power. The reward value can be material or intangible products such as monetary resources, material goods, favours, acknowledgements, complements and special attentions. The administration of punishment power occurs through implementation of similar favours. Coercion forces compliance with hostile tactics but in most instances breeds to resentment especially when there are cultural group differences within the organization. Legitimate power enables the leader to perform certain tasks within the group setting, such as call for the group meetings, analysis of work by the other group members, or preparation of agendas. In order to manage diverse groups effectively, the leader must have referent power based on attractiveness, admirable and res pectable aspects of leadership. Admiration brings about influence and charisma as an extreme type of referent power, which instigates a feeling of royalty and devotion from others. The more the admiration and respect for the leader, the more influence on the behaviours and power to influence the group. Leaders experience and expert power, when others or the followers value their guidance or admires the leadership styles. Diverse group members have diverse experiences and therefore are in a position to offer expertise guidance in different groups setting. In such a scenario, members posses confidence to share expert power in guiding others, value them and one can easily influence their behaviours or acts because of the respect for the knowledge or experience. Regardless of the cultural differences, all members of an organization have various abilities to influence others. It is possible to assist others because the expertise does not only emanate from the legitimacy (Kirton and Green e, 183, 2000). A widely cultural diverse group means that there are diverse sources of leadership influences other then the legitimate power. All the members have some degree of influence over each other and the legitimate leader must make use of all the potentials or capabilities to lead. Democratic Leadership Styles and Approaches The democratic regulations standard for an organization fosters applicable employees’ self-management procedures. One of the most important procedures regards performance. Rewarding performance in terms of good workmanship or discipline encourage understanding among employees from different cultural groups because it shows them the importance of unity. The personnel policy and procedures ought to determine eligibility for performance appraisal and rating performance for satisfaction as a way of enhancing unity. Every employee has governing procedures for expectations specified in the job contracts; therefore, failure to meet demands or to manage t he personal duties could have a link to the group performance. Freedom of the employees may facilitate personal definitions and foster team spirit. In a combination of democratic and autocratic styles as a way of enhancing team performance from people of different cultural groups in an organization, the leader can implement capacity planning and control as an essential aspect. It entails the research techniques for addressing the issue of scheduling applications, planning the allocation of resources, controlling performance and, having the problem solving techniques in place (Cornelius, 83, 2002). The planning and controlling approaches include optimization techniques for diminishing or maximizing involved elements, to meet the objectives within the operating environment. Employees are thus encouraged to work as a team to meet certain goals. For instance, a big problem is broken down to ease complexity and thus speeds up computation. Decomposing a problem allow efficiency in and abi lity to handle the uncertainties adequately. Secondly, dynamic approach allows the management to make decisions sequentially in a multi-stage pattern. A conflict related problem is recursively mirrored into solutions to come up with the most effective conclusion. Teamwork involves decomposition of a complex problem into various sub-problems for individuals to handle. The solutions eventually enable creation of a sequentially dependent framework indicating the whole problem as one, broken into various parts to enhance unity among employees. Conclusion Today the issue of employee performance has a strong basis upon organizational policies and procedures as opposed to only the leadership qualities. The nature of these rules or regulations helps in establishing the significance of a task and the importance of ensuring good results. People are naturally opposed to rules that hinder their freedom and are strenuous during performance. Although an integral to effective part of performance, team leadership may be the root course of conflicts in a multicultural organization as opposed to the cultural differences. The most important element of performance is ability to resolve internal conflicts through the leadership styles because disagreements hugely affect team performance. Leaders have the role of facilitating the behavioural change that assists in moulding individual trails into teams to achieve the set goals (Schneider and Barsoux, 43, 2004). According to Reynolds and Valentine (13, 2004), a good system capitalizes on the employees strengths while minimizing on their weaknesses. The differences between employees’ culture should entail proper usage, to strengthen understanding and enhancing stronger bonds through team works as a measure to capture global clientele. An entrepreneur should know that diversity is something more than mare moral obligation or a necessity for a business but is a business opportunity. Bibliography Cornelius, N. (2002). Building Wor kplace Equality. Ethics, Diversity and Inclusion  London: Thomson Learning. Deresky, H. (2008). International Management: Managing across Borders and  Cultures. (Sixth Ed). London: Prentice Hall Dowling, P.J. Welch D.E. (2008). International Human Resources Management:  Managing People in a Multinational Context. Fifth ed. London: Thomas Learning. Kirton, G Greene A. (2000). The Dynamics of Managing Diversity. Oxford: Butterworth Heinemann Lewis, R. D. (1999). When Cultures Collide – Managing Successfully Across  Cultures. London, UK: Nicholas Brealey Publishing Reynolds, S Valentine, D. (2004). Guide to Cross-Cultural Communication. (2nd Ed) New Jersey: Prentice Hall Schneider, S.C Barsoux, J. (2003). Managing Across Cultures. London: Prentice Hall This essay on Managing Cultural Diversity In The Workforce was written and submitted by user Julie Cotton to help you with your own studies. 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Essay on Why I Want to be a NurseEssay Writing Service

Essay on Why I Want to be a NurseEssay Writing Service Essay on Why I Want to be a Nurse Essay on Why I Want to be a Nurse  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There are many reasons why I want to be a nurse. Nurses have always been portrayed as professionals dedicated to caring and curing. Some women and girls have become nurses because they highly value their job aimed at making a difference every day. Others have become nurses because they are satisfied with the pay and benefits for nursing services. There are also many women and girls who have become professional nurses because they want to help their ill relatives to get rid of various diseases. Nursing is a field that requires continuing education. Nurses should maintain professionalism and follow the established standards in nursing practices. Taking into consideration my knowledge about nursing as a profession, I place emphasis on three major reasons why I want to be a nurse, including personal development, good pay and benefits, and social recognition.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The first reason why I want to be a nurse is that nursing is a unique profession as it provides massive opportunities for personal development. I know that nursing is a field that is focused on the biological and psychological aspects of care and requires knowledge generated by many other fields. I want to become a professional nurse; therefore, I am ready to continue my education. I have already taken the steps to make sure the one-year commitment to the Vocational Nursing Program can be fulfilled. I realize that my education will continue for over the next 10 years. I have got the academic record from HS (3.0 student). However, I am not going to stop my educational process. My hobbies are cheerleading, softball, and powerlifting.   I believe that my hobbies, skills and abilities will contribute to my nursing practice. Besides, my volunteer work has given me an opportunity to develop good communication skills, which are crucial in nursing profession.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The second reason why I want to be a nurse is the good pay and benefits. I know that nursing is a field that provides opportunities to having a high income with not a lot of time of learning, coaching and training compared to other fields, such as teaching or engineering. A registered nurse makes $25 an hour and up, while this position requires only 2 years of education in a community college. Some nurses, who have spent more time in college, get $100,000 to $150,000 a year. It becomes clear that nursing is a field that needs continuing education, but the level of education influences not only the salary, but also the demand for nursing services.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The third reason why I want to be a nurse is that nursing ensures social recognition. The process of patient care is a complex one. Nurses assume primarily responsibility for their patients, while patients feel nurses’ support and have respect for these people. In other words, nursing services need social recognition. Nurses use their skills and abilities to meet the health needs of the community. Actually, nursing profession deserves recognition of society as a whole, as well as the recognition of each patient served by nurses. Patients show their respect and appreciation, saying â€Å"thank you for your job†.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Thus, the reasons why I want to be a nurse are comprehensive. I know that these reasons may have a strong impact on my future nursing career. I will do my best to become a professional nurse, and I will try to use my knowledge, skills and experience to make a positive difference to the community I live in.

Argentavis - Facts and Figures

Argentavis - Facts and Figures Name: Argentavis (Greek for Argentina bird); pronounced ARE-jen-TAY-viss Habitat: Skies of South America Historical Epoch: Late Miocene (6 million years ago) Size and Weight: 23-foot wingspan and up to 200 pounds Diet: Meat Distinguishing Characteristics: Enormous wingspan; long legs and feet About Argentavis Just how big was Argentavis? To put things in perspective, one of the largest flying birds alive today is the Andean Condor, which has a wingspan of nine feet and weighs about 25 pounds. By comparison, the wingspan of Argentavis was comparable to that of a small planeclose to 25 feet from tip to tipand it weighed anywhere between 150 and 250 pounds. By these tokens, Argentavis is best compared not to other prehistoric birds, which tended to be much more modestly scaled, but to the huge pterosaurs that preceded it by 60 million years, notably the giant Quetzalcoatlus  (which had a wingspan of up to 35 feet). Given its enormous size, you might assume that Argentavis was the top bird of Miocene South America, about six million years ago. However, at this time, terror birds were still thick on the ground, including descendants of the slightly earlier Phorusrhacos and Kelenken. These flightless birds were built like meat-eating dinosaurs, complete with long legs, grasping hands, and sharp beaks that they wielded on their prey like hatchets. Argentavis probably kept a wary distance from these terror birds (and vice-versa), but it may well have raided their hard-won kill from above, like some kind of oversized flying hyena. A flying animal the size of Argentavis presents some difficult issues, chief of which is how this prehistoric bird managed to a) launch itself off the ground and b) keep itself in the air once launched. Its now believed that Argentavis took off and flew like a pterosaur, unfurling its wings (but only rarely flapping them) in order to catch the high-altitude air currents above its South American habitat. Its still unknown if Argentavis was an active predator of the huge mammals of late Miocene South America, or if, like a vulture, it contented itself with scavenging already-dead corpses; all we can say for sure is that it was definitely not a pelagic (sea-flying) bird like modern seagulls, since its fossils were discovered in the interior of Argentina. As with its style of flight, paleontologists have made a lot of educated guesses about Argentavis, most of which, unfortunately, are not supported by direct fossil evidence. For example, analogy with similarly built modern birds suggests that Argentavis laid very few eggs (perhaps an average of only one or two per year), which were carefully brooded by both parents, and presumably not subject to frequent predation by hungry mammals. Hatchlings probably left the nest after about 16 months, and were only fully grown by the age of 10 or 12; most controversially, some naturalists have suggested that Argentavis could attain a maximum age of 100 years, about the same as modern (and much smaller) parrots, which are already among the longest-lived vertebrates on earth.

Philosophy and nature of science class (PhD level)- about Critical Essay

Philosophy and nature of science class (PhD level)- about Critical Analysis of historical Science Example (DNA) - Essay Example The discovery of the DNA in the 19th century is regarded as one of the most significant biological discoveries of all time. The understanding of the structure and functions of DNA has impacted considerably in the science and medicine fields, with the most noteworthy impact being illustrated in the evolution of man. The discovery of the DNA has since made possible the identification of genes, which in turn permits scientists to acquire more knowledge and perception about the nature of diseases. Consecutively, this has made it permissible for the scientists to be able to diagnosis diseases easily, and by so doing makes it possible to the create drugs to treat these diseases, a quest which is regarded as a fundamental element in the evolution of mankind. In biology, Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is the genetic factor found in human beings and other life forms and the DNA elements that support this matter are referred to as genes. Nearly all the cells in a creature have similar DNA, the majority of it being centralized in the cell nucleus where it is referred to as nuclear DNA (Neale, 2006). Conversely, we note that trace amounts of DNA are found in the mitochondria which are termed as mitochondrial DNA or basically mtDNA. In DNA data is stored in codes comprising of four chemical elements, namely: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine(C) and thymine (T) (Watson, 2004). Nevertheless, we comprehend that, in human beings, DNA comprises of more than a billions elements, which are more often than not similar in all humans. The orders in which these elements appear establish the availability of elements to build and sustain a being which can be likened to the order of letters that form different words and sentences. The four DNA elements merge in a predetermined sequence, in that, A binds with T while C binds with G which results in the arrangement of elements termed as base

Religious Differences in the Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Religious Differences in the Society - Essay Example We believe in the holy sacrament and repentance through the Holy Fathers who have been anointed among the followers to devote their lives for God’s service on earth. The Fathers are not allowed to marry or live with their families. Catholic sisters also do not marry. Some are professionals who serve the society throughout their life time. Being Catholics makes us a unique group in the society where majority are Protestants. They do not believe in the Holy mother of Jesus and in some instances we are traumatized when some of them casually claim that we worship idols. This is especially based on the rosary that we use when praying. We understand quite well that we pray the same God with the Protestants but many are not convinced of the similarity. Apart from the general Protestant group, there is still further divergence between us and those among them who are Seventh Day Adventists. We are looked down as people with shortfalls as regards worship of God. They believe in salvatio n on earth while we believe in salvation at the end of life. They also question the credibility of celibacy among Catholic fathers and sisters, with many regarding it as disguise of evil actions.

Plato, Machiavelli Essay Example for Free

Plato, Machiavelli Essay Machiavelli says the prince only has to seem good, not be good. Plato insists that seeming is bad, being is good. Nicolo Machiavelli is known as being an realist who accepted that fact that humans are brutal, selfish, and fickle while Plato was an idealist who believed people could be ruled by a philosopher king who ruled over the warriors and tradesmen of his ideal republic with rationality. In his view the philosopher-king was in charge of making the state a utopia in that everyone had his/her place and all worked together for the common good of the state. Machiavelli said that this was a foolish idea. Machiavelli philosophy of government was centered on the ruler. He believed the king, or despot, had the right to do whatever was necessary for his own gain, or whatever the monarch considered the good of the state which he called Virtu’. Machiavelli believed the only purpose for a ruler was to make war, and protect its citizens from attacks by other states. He advocated the slaughter of surrendered generals in order to crush hopes of revolution even rationalizing that it was worth the risk of revolution should it anger the people. Machiavelli believed a ruler should be immoral using deception and illusion for power and never allowing the people to know the â€Å"real† him In Machiavellis time, as it is today, the States whole reason for being was to serve the citizens. The ruler, therefore, is justified in doing whatever is necessary to maintain the country or state, even if it is unjust. In Platos time, man served the state. According to the viewed that ethics and politics are the same, or at least co-terminous. There was no distinction between private life and public life, as there is today. Plato argues a ruler can never be unjust. Plato argues against this type of ruler, who rules solely by might. Plato tries to prove that it is always better to be just than unjust , claiming that there is a strong connection between justice , personal happiness and the well being of the state. Machiavelli underlines the fact that moral principles are not necessarily connected with the efficiency of the act of ruling . If the principles of morality and justice need to be broken in for the state to be prosperous , than this is how things should be done. In the end, Plato and Machiavelli lived very different lives, contributing to their differing thoughts on the world. Plato grew up in the upper aristocratic class but was adopted by Socrates. As he followed Socrates, he learned all he would need for his later life as a philosopher when he essentially wandered around Greece without pay. In this way he was untouched by wealths corruption. Machiavelli, on the other hand, grew up in a wealthy Italian home and lived well supplied for by his patrons. The wealth that he was accustomed to was the main cause for his philosophy centered around personal gain.

Lysistrata: A Comedy of Stereotypes Essays -- essays research papers

LYSISTRATA, a comedy of stereotypes   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The playwright Aristophanes wrote about an ancient Greece, Athens in particular, during a time of constant warfare. His play â€Å"Lysistrata† is an attempt to amuse while putting across an anti-war message. In fact even the naming of the play is an anti-war message of sorts. The word â€Å"lysistrata† means, â€Å"disband the army† (Jacobus 162). Aristophanes was a crafty writer; he creates a work of art that causes his audience to think about the current state of affairs in their city. He points out that there is a major threat to Athens when all the good, young fighters are sent off to war. Aristophanes acheives this aim by using stereotypical characterizations of women to show how utterly defenseless Athens is without their young men at home. His message is a bit subliminal in nature but still a heady one. Aristophanes realized that audiences don’t come to plays to be preached at but to be entertained. To this end, he uses comedy an d comical characterizations to delight the spectators/readers. The principal form of comical characterization he depended on was stereotyping. As the main theme of the play, the female stereotype of woman’s only power base being sex was strongly employed. The main character Lysistrata and all the women in Greece band together to essentially take over the city states to end the Peloponnesian war. They do this by exploiting their stereotypical power source, sexuality. This â€Å"power source† would...

CanGo Essay

Issue 1: No clear strategy for expansion CanGo has had its success, and now they are looking into the future. Their question is, â€Å"What’s going to help them grow?† and as Liz said, â€Å"Turn them into a mighty oak.† CanGo recognizes that branching out and delving into new territory will be profitable and its popular with investors since they’re thinking of going for an IPO. The possibilities of adding e-books, streaming audio and video is hip but they also recognize that the online gaming industry is on the cutting edge for growth. With all of the brainstorming ideas CanGo has they do recognize there’s a scarcity of resources such as capital and people. Recommendation: The management team at CanGo is full of ideas related to expanding its product line. Liz has mentioned the possibility of E-books, music and video, and Andrew suggests online gaming. Expansion is just one topic, as the company is considering offering IPO (initial public offering). The brass is contemplating major decisions without professional guidance. The employees will soon be asked to juggle more responsibilities, without the appropriate resources. CanGo should seek additional consultation specific to the objectives it wants to achieve. In addition, the company must consider the risk and where to allocate resources to be maximize profit. Furthermore, there will have to be some degree of advertising and marketing to generate interests. CanGo feels that the best way to handle new ventures is to use in-house employees. Pulling employees from jobs they are already doing will no doubt take away from quality. We recommend that Warren and Liz take into consideration the opportunity cost of expanding at this time. Will the benefits outweigh the cost of expanding. Issue 2: No capital for expansion CanGo must consider how to combine its limited resources to produce the best mix of goods and services. A cost-benefit analysis will help them measure the cost and the benefits correctly. They will need to think about two types of analysis (1) Marginal Analysis and (2) Cost-Benefit Analysis. Recommendation: Performing a marginal analysis will examine how the costs and benefits change in response to their incremental changes in actions. Any additional action that CanGo does will bring about additional cost so, type of analysis will determine if the expected benefits of their actions exceed the added cost. It was mentioned casually that the only source of capital as an IPO. This point was expounded upon by the poor sandwiches being provided. I don’t think Warren made the comment to be rude, but to illustrate the point that financial capitol is limited – especially in terms of expansion. CanGo is generating interest in its industry and community. The time is ripe to offer an initial public offering. CanGo needs professional guidance in analyzing what is value and assess the possibilities of an IPO. It may consider taking advantage of its success in Japan. CanGo’s IPO does not have to be confined to its locality; it has to start thinking international in scope. Its popularity in Japan alone may generate the capitol necessary to expand in product, personnel, and infrastructure.

Politics In India Essay

Democracy is defined as ‘The Government of the people, for the people, and by the people’, but there are many challenges facing democracy in many countries  across the world. India is a perfect example of a nation that is ‘fully democratic’ even as it develops and faces several challenges. This paper is divided into two different parts showing the problems facing Indian Democracy. The first part briefly talks about the Inequality among peoples in India. Inequality is also divided into three main categories such as Geographic, Social and Demographic. The second part is an approach to identify the problem of corruption among political leaders and discussing the development of criminalization of politics. One of the major issues facing Indian democracy today is Inequality among the citizens of India, weather it is Geographic Inequality, Social Inequality, or Demographic Inequality. First of all, Geographic inequality occurs when a government and citizens of different regions have unequal parliament representation. Geographic inequality is a big issue India is facing today because of its uneven density of representatives per population (D.Joshi, 2012,402). Geographic inequality also occurs when the party they are  choosing does not represent voters in a district. In statistics it showed that, in 2009, India’s 543 LS constituencies averaged 14.9 candidates, but only one representative was elected by each district (D.Joshi, 2012, 402). The statistics showed that it was only half of the voters in every constituency with no representation at district level. Another big issue Indian democracy is facing is Demographic Inequality, this type of inequality occurs when the government of the nation fails to reflect the class, gender, age, ethnic, religious and ethnic makeup of its population. One of the things that D.Joshi points out (2012) is that elderly people in India are over – represented and young people are twice as under- represented in India. However, the greatest inequality a country could have is less female representatives. Increasing female representatives in India could help them reduce gender inequality. India is a nation where discrimination against women is widely spread across the country, whereas men are considered a source of income and prosperity. With lack of women education and power, the nation is facing a devastating challenge’s towards its democracy. In some areas of India, women are not allowed to participate in any voting elections. Moreover, the third type of Inequality that Indian democracy is facing is social inequality. Although, every person or citizen in a democratic society has the right to vote or fight elections, but in some nation’s like India, only rich upper class citizens have the chance to win the elections. Also, upper class people are usually elected as representatives who make the law and frame policies that only favor’s them. Furthermore, another challenge Indian Democracy facing today is the caste system among the people. In India, upper class Hindus make promises using voters as a tool to gain power in an election. However, low caste majority are usually forced to participate in an electoral process. Unfortunately, the ‘social class system in India is based on the notion of purity and pollution in which upper class does not interact with [equal rights] with the low castes’ (Anwar, 2012). It neglects the rights of citizens for having freedom of expression, right to elect their own representatives, freedom of religious practices and other rights in a democratic state. Moreover, because Indian population is so large and it is a diversely mixed society, people in India have wide identity available to them. Manor (1996) stated that, ‘there are [various] types of caste identities, religious identities and identification with clans and linages’ (463). As a result of having various types of identities, tensions among these groups become strikingly high and could tear a democratic institution apart. An example will illustrate how this could have an impact in Democracy. In an election in India in 1971, conflict and anger widely spread, after the state government made an unjust treatment. A party representing swept winning ten seats in the parliament but political leaders started to bargaining the movement and after few years, people shifted their concerns to other member’s identities such as caste and class. Keeping in mind their identities, the congress party won every seat in the parliament Despite the wide identity available to the citizens, there is also another issue that follows this problem’s; this includes the discrimination on minorities, undermining order and development. Discrimination against minority groups can trigger the demand for justice. However, evidence in recent studies has showed that there is a declining influence on caste system in Indian politics. Political corruption and inefficiency is another severe problem Indian democracy is facing today. In a study that showed, 20- 33 percent of middle class citizens had to pay ‘ a bribe for getting a service or getting out of problem with a government agency’ (Jefferlot, C., 2002, 77). Former Indian prime minister, Rajiv Gandhi has admitted that only 15 percent of isolated area reached their potential beneficiaries. India’s political leaders are responsible of the corruption that is on going for a long time in Indian Democracy. In fact, the congress party in India conducted corrupt practices when they formed ministries in 1937. Jawaharlal Nehru, the first prime minister of India, was known as the ‘cleanest political leader of India’ but for instance, some political leaders today say that it was because of him that Indian political corruption has turned into an epidemic. One of the reasons why Nehru is known for spreading the corruption among political leaders is because he kept protecting his congress leaders who were indulged in corrupt practices. There have been events that took place during his ruling party. Krishna Menno, the Indian high commissioner in London, 1948 was asked to buy 4,000 jeeps for Indian army who were fighting the Pakistanis at that time, only 155 jeeps reached in India (Jefferlot, C., 2002, 79). Nehru’s government rejected the incident that took place and declared that case was closed. This is a good example of a politician in Indian democracy; who are dishonest and can get away with it because of their other political colleagues. Corruption among political leaders has affected Indian democracy in two different ways. One, for supplying and making black money from businessmen’s, especially after foreign companies started emerging into Indian market. Secondly, Politicians made money, which they were suppose to spend on their campaigns, which Indian businessmen’s and foreign investors have raised. As Jefferlot (2002) stated that ‘ Indian political leaders took bribe from arm dealers who were important foreign players in the political and economic game’ which then increasingly took advantage of multinationals entering India (89). Another example of corrupt politician is, Prabhakar Rao, who was involved in scandals of importing sugar and urea. He took bribe from foreigner manufacturer, to obtain import of newsprints and paper pulp. Democracy can become negated when it assumes such proportions of corruption. Another issue in Indian politics is development of criminalization of politics, which is severely alarming in recent years. The link between crime industry and politicians in Indian are long standing. Gangs need protection from politicians for their activities, these activities involve trafficking of drugs, arms and other illegal trade business. Politicians protect gang members in various situations such as from police investigation. An example of politician involved with gang member was The Chief Minister, who not only granted to builders land reserved for civic purposes but also protected gangsters in the building businesses (Jefferlot, C., 2002, 92). Politicians also seek for protection from gang members. For example, a losing candidate may for instance, ask the gangsters for the most common fraud known as  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœbooth capturing’. This activity involves gangs to seize the ballot boxes during an election. Many other election- related Incident’s have taken place in India. Most common type of Incidents involves clashes between political parties. Violence can also take place during elections, when a politician fears losing vote against his opponent candidates. Politicians also use gangs during riots. This often involves conflict between social groups such as Hindus and Muslims. While politicians protect crime industry, there has been growing numbers of criminals entering politics in India. Jefferlot (2002) stated that ‘ convicted criminals who are not systematically disqualified can stand for elections, even if they are accused for important crime’ (95). Corruption and criminalization of politics is a direct threat to Indian democratic society. Corruption in Indian democracy arose from socioeconomic and political conditions. India is facing corruption in its politics, the criminalization of state has become a serious chronic disease over the decades (Jefferlot, C., 2002, 113). Former Prime Ministers of India are considered to have prepared the foundation of corruption during their time period. As a result of this, citizens of India do no take interest in elections and have no faith in government officials. Media also has significant impact on exposing corruption in the Indian establishment. Another worrying factor here is the problem for bribing journalists for covering election campaigns. The change in Indian democracy may be possible but the pressure against corruption needs to come from collective groups rather than individual enterprises. To summarize, Indian democracy is facing severe problems to its democratic society over the years. Some of the problems include inequality among social groups. However, Indian government faces three major kinds of Inequality. First, it deals with unequal parliament representation, whereas, the demographic inequality deals with negligence of class, gender, age, ethnic and religious ethnicities that makeup the population. Finally, the third major Inequality is social inequality, even as today, minority groups or poor people in India do not get to vote in elections. Whereas, upper class  citizens make the laws and policies which only favor’s them. Lastly, corruption is significantly a major issue India is facing today in its democratic government. Corruption in a democratic government can scare divert resources from poor and disadvantage the citizens. However, corruption continues unchecked because people in India turn away from involvement on how the country is being governed and put little interest in elections, because of their trust in politicians is damaged. Along with corruption, criminalization of politics has major concerns over the years. Politics in India has become lucrative and beneficial business, criminals can invest money and power to win elections with the support of other politicians and can enjoy unfettered power and respect among the society. Thus, criminalization of politics cannot be prevented as long as criminals are present in politics in India and, it has become a direct threat to India democracy. Bibliography Manor, James. 1996. â€Å"`Ethnicity’ and politics in India.† _International Affairs_ 72, no. 3: 459. _Academic Search Complete_, EBSCO_host_ (Accessed March 1, 2014) Joshi, Devin. â€Å"Who gets unequal parliamentary representation? A comparison of India and Sri Lanka.† _Contemporary South Asia_ 20, no. 3 (September 2012): 401-406. _Academic Search Complete_, EBSCO_host_ (Accessed February 11, 2014). Jaffrelot, Christophe. 2002. â€Å"Indian Democracy: The Rule of Law on Trial.† _India Review_ 1, no. 1: 77. _Academic Search Complete_, EBSCO_host_ (Accessed February 16, 2014). M, Anwar. 2012. ‘Indian Democracy and Caste System’ http://www.ngoworldpk.com/articles/indian-democracy-and-caste-system.htm (Accessed February 20, 2014)

Who killed JFK essays

Who killed JFK essays On November 22, 1963, the distant sound of rifle shots could be heard. President John F. Kennedy and his wife, Jackie were in Dallas, Texas, trying to win campaign support for the upcoming presidential election. On his way to a luncheon the Kennedys sat in an open convertible at the head of a motorcade along with Texas Governor John B. Connally and his wife. Vice-President, Lyndon Johnson was two cars behind the president. A large crowd of Kennedy supporters lined the streets waving flags and cheering. As the motorcade approached an underpass, near the Texas School Book Depository three quick shots were fired, fatally wounding the president. The government reported that one bullet passed through JFKs neck and struck Governor Connally in the back. The second bullet struck JFKs head; and a third one reportedly missed the motorcade. Kennedy was rushed to the nearest hospital, Parkland. He never regained consciousness and was pronounced dead at 1:00 pm. Later that day, aboard the pr esidential plane, Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson was sworn in as the 36th President of the United States. The investigators believed that the bullets that killed Kennedy were fired from a sixth-story window of a nearby warehouse. After widespread interviewing and intense questioning was completed in Dallas, Lee Harvey Oswald, who was employed in the warehouse, was arrested and charged with murder. When Oswald was being transferred from one jail to another several days later he was shot by a Dallas nightclub owner named Jack Ruby. Oswald later died leaving a lot of questions unanswered. During my research I have discovered there seems to be an unending number of theories. Some authors think Oswald acted alone, some think there were 5-6 people/shooters, one author even went so far as to suggest that Kennedy shot himself. I however believe that Oswald was involved in the assassination of Kennedy. In the following paragraphs I will ...

4 Steps of Cardiac Conduction

4 Steps of Cardiac Conduction Have you ever wondered what causes your heart to beat? Your heart beats as a result of the generation and conduction of electrical impulses. Cardiac conduction is the rate at which the heart conducts electrical impulses. These impulses cause the heart to contract and then relax. The constant cycle of heart muscle contraction followed by relaxation causes blood to be pumped throughout the body. Cardiac conduction can be influenced by various factors including exercise, temperature, and endocrine system hormones. Step 1: Pacemaker Impulse Generation The first step of cardiac conduction is impulse generation. The sinoatrial (SA) node (also referred to as the pacemaker of the heart) contracts, generating nerve impulses that travel throughout the heart wall. This causes both atria to contract. The SA node is located in the upper wall of the right atrium. It is composed of nodal tissue that has characteristics of both muscle and nervous tissue. Step 2: AV Node Impulse Conduction The atrioventricular (AV) node lies on the right side of the partition that divides the atria, near the bottom of the right atrium. When the impulses from the SA node reach the AV node, they are delayed for about a tenth of a second. This delay allows atria to contract and empty their contents into the ventricles prior to ventricle contraction. Step 3: AV Bundle Impulse Conduction The impulses are then sent down the atrioventricular bundle. This bundle of fibers branches off into two bundles and the impulses are carried down the center of the heart to the left and right ventricles. Step 4: Purkinje Fibers Impulse Conduction At the base of the heart, the atrioventricular bundles start to divide further into Purkinje fibers. When the impulses reach these fibers they trigger the muscle fibers in the ventricles to contract. The right ventricle sends blood to the lungs via the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle pumps blood to the aorta. Cardiac Conduction and the Cardiac Cycle Cardiac conduction is the driving force behind the cardiac cycle. This cycle is the sequence of events that occur when the heart beats. During the diastole phase of the cardiac cycle, the atria and ventricles are relaxed and blood flows into the atria and ventricles. In the systole phase, the ventricles contract sending blood to the rest of the body. Cardiac Conduction System Disorders Disorders of the hearts conduction system can cause problems with the hearts ability to function effectively. These problems are typically the result of a blockage that diminishes the rate of speed at which impulses are conducted. Should this blockage occur in one of the two atrioventricular bundle branches that lead to the ventricles, one ventricle may contract more slowly than the other. Individuals with bundle branch block typically dont experience any symptoms, but this issue can be detected with an electrocardiogram (ECG). A more serious condition, known as heart block, involves the impairment or blockage of electrical signal transmissions between the hearts atria and ventricles. Heart block electrical disorders range from first to third degree and are accompanied by symptoms ranging from light-headedness and dizziness to palpitations and irregular heartbeats.

The Age of Reagan Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Age of Reagan - Assignment Example hilosophy, ones experiences, ones exposure to the raw edges of human existence, ones religious training, ones attitudes toward life and family and their values, and the moral standards one establishes and seeks to observe, are all likely to influence and to colour ones thinking and conclusions about abortion†. Reagan was a president who worked against the communist agendas. As per (Vlib)â€Å"Under the Reagan Doctrine, one by one, it was the Communist dominos that began to fall†. Reagan has been a lash on the violent history of communist activities and he had won cold war and even changed the face of American in many ways. By ending communism he proved to be a man who put a hold on the violent centuries of communism. As per (History Place, 1982) â€Å"The President eloquently explains the reasons behind his staunch opposition to Communism while encouraging the British to aid in the worldwide struggle for freedom, recalling the success of former Prime Minister Winston Churchill in the fight against Nazi tyranny†. Reagan has been successful in combating communism and this was a revolutionary phase in American politics. Ameircan Rhetoric, . (2001). Address to the Republican National Convention. In http://www.america nrhetoric.com. Retrieved May 18, 2014, from http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/part

The Importance of Postgraduate Education Research Proposal

The Importance of Postgraduate Education - Research Proposal Example There are a variety of postgraduate degrees and diplomas, which a person can pursue in Australia. Mostly, the postgraduate diplomas and certificates are awards that are given to the students who have taken part and completed degree or vacation courses. This postgraduate diplomas and postgraduate certificates may also be awarded to those students who have completed their master’s degree course. It is most common to those who have taken part in postgraduate courses and part-time postgraduate courses. One of the most popular postgraduate options is the postgraduate master’s degree program. The postgraduate master’s courses mostly require that an individual pursuing the course to take a minimum of three years full-time study and provide advanced training in a subject field that is beyond what is normally achieved at undergraduate masters levels. The courses in master’s degree programs vary considerably depending on the subject matter but typically involve some combination of both taught and research elements (Australian government, 2011, web). This postgraduate program is quite prerequisite so that it can obtain funding from the appropriate funding bodies. This postgraduate degree program has a number of options, which an individual willing to pursue it can choose. One of them is the postgraduate master’s in business administration, popularly abbreviated as the MBA. This course is a management course, which looks at managing the organizations in order to ensure that they fulfill their objectives. The program is further divided into various options to suit the students. This includes options in operations management, strategic management, human resource management, finance and banking, and accounting option.

Human Resource Management Benefits' Choices Research Paper

Human Resource Management Benefits' Choices - Research Paper Example Failure to sincerely respond to these legally required benefits may result in an employer failing to retain the best of its employees thus losing the all important attract-and-retain game (Beam et al. P. 12). Employers must however be on the lookout for the extra cost impacts related to the provision of the above legally required benefits to employees. For increased discretionary benefits, employers must always be on the look out not to lose their best employees. It is thus imperative that the most desirable employees are identified and retained. To achieve success at retaining the best workers, employers have to look for the traits that make employees most desirable among their peers. The most desirable among today’s employees are those not quite like the others, have good sense of humor, and are more engaging and outgoing compared to others. In addition, the most desirable employees are not that concerned about protocols, thus ask their employers more direct questions, especially regarding the next step in task execution (MB Financial Bank, P. 7). The best employees are also self-starters, do not take time off for trivial reasons, and are rarely, if ever, late for work. Strangely, the best employees are not workaholics but only stay after if there is extra legitimate work to be done, never complaining in the process (MB F inancial Bank, P. 8). The best workers are also task oriented, use Job description only as guideline, and might require occasional restraint while at work. Finally, such employees do not expect praise but appreciate it. MB Financial Bank. Benefit Packages for Employee: Employee Legally Required Benefits, 2012. Banking Resource Center. Retrieved on May 29, 2012 from

Selective Toxicity Of Anti Cancer Agents Biology Essay

Selective Toxicity Of Anti Cancer Agents Biology Essay Cancer is known to be caused by a large group of various diseases, all involved in cellular malfunction. It dates back to about 1600 BC when it was first found in an Egyptian papyrus (Wu et al, 2006) and thought to be incurable till surgery and radiation became the means of treatment in the mid-1900s. After many years it was realised that using either or combination of treatment, metastatic cancer could not be controlled and in order to gain therapeutic effect, the therapy had to reach every organ of the body. Research in drug discovery and development now focuses on using chemotherapy especially those that are selectively toxic e.g. antimetabolites (Thurston, 2007). It is not fully understood why they are selectively toxic but they are more effective on tumour cells because they are able to divide faster that healthy cells. Selective toxicity was defined as materials that are able to damage some types of cells and not the others (Albert, 1951). Even though mortality rate has not imp roved much, characteristics and pathways of cells in different tumours have been identified so as to develop therapies for specific tumour. The therapies developed either target protein that cause or are involved in development of tumour directly or by targeting drugs to the tumour. Examples of new drugs that have resulted from advances in drug discovery are (Narang Desai, 2009) : Imatinib (Gleevec) inhibits binding of protein (BCR-ABL) which is found in CML tumour cells. Gefitinib (Iressa1) inhibits epidermal growth factor receptorà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s. It is used to treat lung cancer. Trastuzumab (Herceptin1) is another monoclonal antibody that binds the cell surface HER2/neu (erbB2) receptor and is used in treating erbB2+ breast cancer. This report will focus on principles and challenges of selective toxicity of chemotherapy, how they work, the limitations of the current chemotherapy and ways to improve drugs. MECHANISM OF ACTION Chemotherapy drugs are able to move throughout the body to get to where they are intended by entering the bloodstream through an injection, a drip which are usually through a vein or as capsules and tablets. For chemotherapy to work it is important to understand cell cycle, this is because chemotherapy drugs work mainly on actively reproducing cells in the body where some drugs attack particular phases of the cell cycle like the S phase. In cancerous cells, the checkpoints are damaged causing the cancer cells to continue to grow out of control. Chemotherapy works by damaging the genes present inside the nucleus of cells. Some drugs work by damaging cells when they are beginning to divide or while copies are being made. Chemotherapy drugs cause the cancerous cells to think that their lifespan has finished which leads to apoptosis. There are different classes of selective toxicity drugs which have different methods for killing cancerous cells, some of which are below(ACS, 2013): Alkylating agents (e.g. busulfan) are selectively toxic to DNA, where they damage DNA so as to prevent cancer cells from reproducing. Active in all the phases of cell cycle and are used to treat a wide variety of cancer like leukaemia Antimetabolites(5-fluorouracil), these agents alter DNA and RNA growth by replacing building blocks normally present in DNA and RNA. They work in the S phase and are used to treat breast cancer. Anti-tumour antibiotics/Anthracyclines (Doxorubicin) are also important as they affect the enzymes that contribute to DNA replication. Other cancer drugs- these are not classified as chemotherapy drugs and they are still new. There are different types, the active and passive where active stimulates the immune system to attack the disease and passive(monoclonal antibody, e.g. Rituximab which binds to particular substances) uses antibodies that were made synthetically. In 2010, the first vaccine for cancer called the Provenge for prostate cancer was approved by the FDA (ACS, 2013). Below Figure 1 shows the new selectively toxic agents that target specific sites and how they influence those sites. Figure : Shows new group of anti-cancer agents designed to target specific protein that contributes to growth of tumour (Wu et al, 2006). PRINCIPLES Chemotherapy drugs that are selectively toxic have been the first choice of treatment for many cancers and there are over 100 drugs in the market today (ACS, 2013) used alone or with other treatments. It is also important to understand how these drugs work so doctors (oncologists) can predict which drugs can be combined with them and how often each drug can be administered to patients. There are three key goals of these chemotherapy treatment (ACS, 2013): The most important goal of chemotherapy is to cure cancer where the cancer/tumour is cleared from the system. There are no guarantees with this treatment as it might even take years for a patient to be cured of cancer. In a situation where cure is not possible it is important to control the disease by shrinking cancer or stopping it from growing or spreading. This is also important as it gives the possibility of a longer life because it is controlled like a disease that is chronic like diabetes. Last is palliation, which is important when cancer is at an advanced stage. Chemotherapy drugs in this case can be used to relieve symptoms or improve the patients quality of life. LIMITATIONS Normal cells that divide rapidly are damaged by these chemotherapeutic agents because they cannot differentiate between cell reproducing normal tissues and cancer cells as they are not highly selective therefore causing the following side effects (Salmon Sartorelli, 1998). Bone marrow suppression because the bone marrow cells normally divide quickly Alopecia because hair follicle cells are able to divide frequently as well GI disturbances (Nausea and Vomiting) due to mucosal cells dividing rapidly Some of these agents cause serious side effects which may lead to permanent damage to a vital organ (liver, lungs) in the body, cause infertility, heart problems or disrupt the central nervous system by causing damage. Another big problem is the development of resistance of chemotherapy drugs to treating different tumours which can occur before treatment with drug or over time after treatment. In some cases continuous/prolonged exposure to one chemotherapy drug can cause resistance to other compounds with similar structures (Akhdar, 2012). Resistance can also develop if the drug concentration in the patient is reduced due to diminished cellular diffusion or increased drug efflux. Chemotherapy treatment is also expensive and might take a couple of years before the disease is eradicated. In some cases the treatment does not work or may not destroy the cancer completely. Lastly, it makes the immune system very weak. Ways to Improve Drug A way of improving drug or avoiding resistance is using a combination of variety of cytotoxic agents as it allows prompt attack of different biological targets therefore increasing the effect of the treatment (Thurston, 2007) or with other agents that act as sensitizers to these cytotoxic agents (Narang Desai, 2009). Another way is developing new formulations that can prevent the severe side effects associated with a particular drug e.g. Doxorubicin caused cardiotoxicity but with new formulations like the liposomal formulation there are decreased side effects that are manageable and due to the selectivity of the new drug it works better than the conventional anthracycline. The use of adjuvants can minimize toxicity of anticancer drugs, therefore reducing the side effects of some of the drugs. A better diet is also advised, especially with avoiding food that cause inactivation of the drugs. Vitamin C found in citrus fruits like oranges have been found to influence anticancer drugs and reduce toxicity to the body (Salmon Sartorelli, 1998). Conclusion It can be concluded that there are three important factors to consider in selective toxicity of a drug, they are the tumour, drug and most especially the host. There have been a lot of improvement with using chemotherapy to manage cancer even though they cause severe side effects and resistance. Other challenges faced are the cost, time involved and the high mortality rate. This has brought about increase in effort of scientists to search for ways for the body to fight cancer tissue and find better cytotoxic agents to fight cancer cells.

The Job that Changed My Life :: Personal Narrative essay about myself

The Job that Changed My Life    My grandfather was a police officer when he was younger; he would tell us stories of he and his buddies on motorcycle patrol and the life of a cop. The stories that he told were so interesting, that ever since, I wanted to have a career in law enforcement. After I graduated from high school, I enrolled in the law enforcement program at Spokane Community College where I planned to fulfill my dream of becoming a cop. I started the law enforcement classes at the college and came to the conclusion that law enforcement was not the career for me.    It takes a special breed of person to be in the law enforcement/corrections field, a person who can withstand the stress and unhealthy surroundings that come with the work. Before you go out and do something that is as drastic and life changing as a career choice, you need to know what your getting your self into, so do your research and make sure that is what you want.    The corrections program was similar to law enforcement, so I switched to the correction alternative because I still wanted to be associated with law enforcement. I was hired on at a juvenile detention center as a juvenile correction officer. I thought that this was my opportunity to do something to help these kids, don't get me wrong I did not think I could help or save the world, I just thought I would or could make a difference in one life that it was all worth the hassle. Well I was wrong, my first day of on the job training we had to restrain a kid who was out of control, it only got worse from there on. It seemed like an everyday occurrence in this place; the kids were ok most of the time, but it only took one kid in a bad mood to set the other 40 kids off then it turns into a big problem.    This job was physically and mentally demanding of my energy. I worked anywhere from ten to thirteen hour days; my stress level sky rocketed, and my school work started to suffer, eventually I dropped out of school because I was miserable at this job; the stress was so high; I had major mood swings, and I did not know what to do.

Organizational Changes within the National Health Service Essay

1. Discuss and debate the organizational changes within the National Health Service and examine how these have influenced care delivery. At the start of the NHS, a mediation model of management subsisted where the role of the manager facilitated health care professionals to care for the patient. Medical staffs were extremely influential and controlling in determining the shape of the service, at the same time as managers were imprudent and focused on managing internal organizational issues (Harrison et al. 1992). After the 1979 general election, there was originally little change to the National Health Service (Klein 1983). Though, poor economic growth, together with growing public expenditure, slowly brought about changes. Influenced by the ‘New Right’ ideologies, a more interventionist, practical, style of management in the health service emerged. This efficiently changed the role of managers from one of imprudent scapegoats for existing problems, to agents of the government (Flynn 1992). Managers became the means by which government control over NHS spending was increased (Harrison and Pollitt 1994). The impulsion for this change arose from the 1983 Griffiths report (NHS Executive 1983), an assessment by the government health advisor, Sir Roy Griffiths. Within this report, four specific problem areas were recognized: the limited management influence over the clinical professions; a managerial stress on reactivity to problems; the significance placed on managing the status quo; and a culture of producer, not consumer, orientation (Harrison et al. 1992). The power of the Griffiths Report (op. cit.) was to challenge and limit medicine’s sovereignty in the health service, and over health care resources. certainly, nurses were simply referred to twice throughout the document. Through its attention on organizational dynamics and not structure, the Griffiths Report proposed main change to the health service. General Managers were initiated at all levels of the NHS. In spite of Griffiths’ original intention that it was simply cultural adjustment that was required, there were instantaneous and considerable structural and organizational changes in the health service (Robinson et al. 1989). Post-Griffiths there were escalating demands for value for money in the health service (DoH 1989). Efforts to extend managerial control over professional autonomy and behavior so continued throughout this intense period of change, and terminated with the NHS and Community Care Act (DoH 1990). From the re-organizations that taken place during this period, the NHS was rationalized to conform more intimately to the model of free enterprise in the private sector. This reformation was shaped by the belief that greater competence could be stimulated through the formation of an internal and competitive market. The belief that the health service was a distinguishing organization was disputed. The principles of economic rationality linked with business organizations were applied extensive to the operation of health service. The services requisite were determined, negotiated, and agreed by purchasers and providers through a funding and constricting mechanism. In this, trust hospitals and Directly Managed Units supplied health care provision for District and General Practitioner fund holders. There has since been a further shift in the purchaser base from health authorities to local commissioning through primary care groups and, more lately, through the Shifting the Balance of Power: The Next Steps policy document (DoH 2001b), to Primary Care Trusts. Through such recognized relationships, purchasers have turn out to be commissioners of services and the idea of the internal market has become the managed market that recognizes the more long-term planning of services that is required. Rhetoric of organization and health improvement underpins service agreements now made. The NHS is not simply a technical institution for the delivery of care, but as well a political institution where the practice of health care and the roles of health care practitioners imitate the authority base within society. The hospital organizational structure is an influential determinant of social identity, and thus affects health care roles and responsibilities. Though, through the health care reforms the medical staff and, to a lesser degree the managers, appeared to be defense from the introduction of general management into the health service. This has resulted in health service delivery remaining stoutly located within a medical model, and medical domination unchallenged (Mechanic 1991). It is the less authoritative occupational groups, including nursing, that have felt the major impact of such reforms. The NHS organizational changes aimed to convey leadership, value for money, and professional responsibility to managers at all level of the health service. These alterations were intended to reverse the organizational inertia that was limiting growth and efficiency in the system. Though originally aiming a positive impact on the service, these radical ideologies led to tension at the manager-health care professional boundary (Owens and Glennerster 1990). The prologue of the internal market in the NHS meant to present a more neutral and competent way of allocating resources, through rationalization and depersonalization. The new era of managerially claimed to be a changing force opposing customary health professional power (Newman and Clarke 1994), and persuasive professionals to offer to organizational objectives (Macara 1996). The contradictory models of health care held by managers and health care workers improved ambiguity over areas of responsibility and decision making, somewhat than clarity as anticipated (Owens and Glennerster 1990). The contending ideologies and tribalism between the health care groups were more unequivocally revealed. The introduction of markets to health care exposed a dichotomy for health care professionals. Medical and nursing staffs were requisite to report to better managerial officials, yet reveal professional commitment to a collegial peer group. This was challenging, mainly for medical staff that understood medical influence and the independence of medical practice, but did not recognize managerial ability. In many of the commentaries addressing this, the majority pragmatic resolution to addressing this situation was to distinguish that professional independence exists but together with, and limited, by managerial and decision-making control. The Griffiths Report (NHS Management Executive 1983) considered the doctor as the natural manager and endeavored to engage medicine with the general management culture through the resource management inventiveness. This requisite medicine to clinch the managerial values of collaboration, team work and collective attainment through the configuration of clinical management teams: the clinical directorate. On the contrary such working attitudes were in direct contrast to medicine’s principles of maximizing rather than optimizing, and of autonomy not interdependence. It is fascinating that even in today’s health care environment; there have been sustained observations that medical staffs do not supervise resources or clinical staff in an idealistic way. in spite of this, there has been little effort to undertake a methodical and broad review of the organization of medical work. This is in direct distinction to the experience of nurses, whose working practices and standards persist to be critiqued by all. Early on attempts made by managers to bound medical authority led to doctors adopting countervailing practices so as to remain independent and avoid organizational authority. Such practices, taken to keep their clinical independence, included unrestricted behaviors in admitting patients or deciding on explicit patient treatments (Harrison and Bruscini 1995). These behaviors rendered it hard for managers to intrude on medical practice, and therefore restricted the impact of the health care reforms. Immediately post-Griffiths there was some proof that introduction of general managers had, to a small extent, influenced medical practices. Green and Armstrong (1993) undertook a study on bed management in nine London hospitals. In this study, it was established how the work of managerial bed managers was capable to influence throughput of patients, admission and operating lists, thereby ultimately affecting the work of medicine. however, attempts made by managers to organize medicine were self-limiting. Health care managers were not a colossal, ideologically homogeneous group and lacked a strong consistent power base (Harrison and Pollitt 1994). Managers did not fulfill their remit of exigent the medical position in the health service and evade the responsibility for implementing repulsive and difficult decisions (Harrison and Pollitt op. cit.). The management capability of medicine persists to be challenged by government initiatives including the overture of clinical governance (DoH 1997). In this, the Chief Executives of trusts are held responsible for the quality of clinical care delivered by the whole workforce. An optimistic impact of this transform may be to provide opportunity for an incorporated organization with all team members, representing an interdependent admiration of health care (Marnoch and Ross 1998). on the other hand, it might be viewed as simply a structural change to increase the recognized ability of the Chief Executive over the traditional authority of medical staff: a further effort to make in-roads into the medical power base. Current years have demonstrated sustained commitment from the government towards modernizing health care (DoH 2000b). This has integrated challenging conventional working patterns and clinical roles across clinical specialties and disciplines. certainly medicine has received improved public and government scrutiny over current years. This has resulted in a shift of approach from within and outside the medical profession. The accomplishment of challenging the agenda for change in health care will be part-determined by medicine’s capability to further flex its own boundaries, and respond to the developing proficiency of others. 2. Identify and critically explore the changing role of the nurse, within the multi disciplinary team, examining legal, ethical and professional implications. The impact on nurses of the post-Griffiths health service configuration has not been so inconsequential. Empirical work has demonstrated that execution of the Griffiths recommendations led to the removal of the nursing management structure. This efficiently limited senior nurses to simply operational roles (Keen and Malby 1992). The implementation of the clinical directorate structure, with consultants having managerial accountability over nursing, further reduced nursing’s capability to effect change. Prior to 1984, budgetary control for nursing place with the profession. The 1984 reorganization distant nursing from nursing’s own control and placed it decisively under the new general managers’ (Robinson and Strong 1987, p. 5). As the notions of cost inhibition and erudite consumers were promoted, audit and accounting practices assumed a significant position in the health service. It was nurses who, encompassing a considerable percentage of the total workforce and linked staffing budget, found themselves targets for public and government analysis. Nursing maintained some strategic management functions within the new management structures, but these tasks were mostly limited to areas within the professional nursing domain. Nurses have been seen as pricey and potentially upsetting factors of production: channels through which costs can be lessened and administration functions can be absorbed (Ackroyd 1996). Caught in the crossfire of managerial changes that were originally targeted at medicine, nursing has been placed subordinate to management (Robinson and Strong 1987). In spite of debates on the impact of health care changes, there is consent on one issue. The structural and organizational changes in the NHS since 1991 have re-fashioned unit management teams and unit management responsibilities. This has resulted in the improved involvement of these teams in the stipulation of the service. It has required a diverse way of thinking about health care and new relationships between clinicians and managers to be developed (Owens and Glennerster 1990). The nineties are set to become a vital period in changing the ways in which health care is delivered, not just in terms of the potential re-demarcation of occupational boundaries between health care occupations, but as well in terms of the broader political, economic and organizational changes presently taking place in the NHS. It is asserted that traditional demarcations between doctors and nurses, seen as based on ever more unsustainable distinctions between ‘cure’ and ‘care’, are becoming blurred and that the new nursing causes a threat to the supremacy of the medical profession within health care (Beardshaw and Robinson 1990). though, there is an element of wishful thinking about this and, indeed, Beardshaw and Robinson (1990) rage their optimism with an identification of the continued reality of medical dominance. They see the threat to medical supremacy as one of the most problematical aspects of the new nursing, largely as claims to a unique therapeutic role for nursing must essentially involve a reassessment of patient care relative to cure. In Beardshaw and Robinson’s view, the degree to which doctors will be willing to exchange their conventional ‘handmaidens’ for true clinical partners, or even substitutes, is one of the most significant questions pos ed by the new nursing. In the wake of the Cumberlege Report on Community Nursing (DHSS 1986) and World Health Organization directions concerning precautionary health care, there appeared the very real view of the substitution of nurses for doctors in definite clinical areas-particularly primary care in the community, through nurses creating a central role in health encouragement, screening, counseling and routine treatment work in some GP practices (Beardshaw and Robinson 1990). Though, a current evaluation of the impact of present reforms in the NHS on the role of the nurse in primary care is more distrustful concerning the future shape of the community nursing role. If the way to determine the extent of nurses’ challenge to medicine is in terms of the conflict it provokes, then there positively is proof of medical resistance to recent developments in nursing. Doctors’ reaction to the Cumberlege Report on neighborhood nursing (DHSS 1986), which suggested the appointment of nurse practitioners, revealed that there were doctors who strongly resisted the initiative of nurses acting autonomously (Delamothe 1988). On the other hand, the General Medical Services Committee and the Royal College of Nursing agreed that ‘decisions concerning appropriate treatment are in practice not always made by the patient’s general practitioner’ and recognized that nurses working in the community are effectively prescribes of treatment (British Medical Journal 1988:226). Discussions relating to the proper arrangements desired to hold the prescription of drugs by nurses are taking place, on the grounds that nurse prescribing raises issues linking to the legal and professional status of both the nursing and the medical professions (British Medical Journal 1988:226). This suggests that renegotiations relating to the spheres of competence of doctors and nurses are on the agenda. None the less, the General Medical Council (1992) Guidelines remain indistinct on nurse prescribing and other forms of ‘delegation’ of tasks under medical privilege to nurses, stating that it has no desire to hold back delegation, but warning that doctors must be satisfied concerning the competence of the person to whom they are delegated, and insisting that doctors should retain eventual responsibility for the patients, as improper delegation renders a doctor liable to disciplinary proceedings. Renegotiations around the division of responsibilities between doctors and nurses are taking place very carefully and to a large extent on a rather extemporized basis, given the volume of letters requesting advice and clarification received from GPs by the General Medical Council. The focus in much of the nursing literature seems to be on the challenge of the ‘new’ nursing to the ‘old’ nursing posed by nursing reform, somewhat than on the challenge to medicine. One doctor (Mitchell 1984) has complained in the pages of the British Medical Journal that doctors have not been told what the nursing process is about. Paradoxically, the nursing process is in fact derived from the work of an American doctor, Lawrence Weed, who pioneered the ‘problem-oriented record’ for hospitals in 1969. This changed the way in which patient information was collected and stored by instituting one single record to which all health professionals given. Though the nursing process, which was part of this innovation, crossed the Atlantic to Britain, the problem-oriented record did not. Mitchell (1984) has argued that the medical profession must oppose the nursing process and give it a rough ride on the grounds that medical knowledge should precede nursing plans to remedy the deficiencies of living activities which are, he insists, consequential upon the cause and clinical course of disease. He also accuses nurses of enabling a pernicious dichotomy between ‘cure’ and ‘care’, relegating the doctor to disease and inspiring the nurse to the holistic care of the individual, and suspects that the nursing process is less a system of rationalizing the delivery of care than a means of elevating nurses’ status and securing autonomy from medical supremacy.